BACKGROUND
INFORMATION:
Ixodes
ricinus
GENUS
|
Ixodes
|
| SPECIES |
ricinus
|
LOCATION
|
Europe
and north Africa (from Iceland to Russia and
|
|
down
to the Atlas Mountains/Iran) |
| HABITAT |
Woodlands,
heath lands, forests and bushes |
| ACTIVITY |
From
March to June and August to November |
| LIFE
CYCLE |
Three
host tick |
| |
egg to adult takes 1-6 years (usually 2 or 3 years) |
| MATING
HABIT |
On
or off host before females can engorge |
| |
Females
feed for 6-13 days before dropping on the |
| |
ground,
laying thousands of eggs and dying |
| FEEDING
HABIT |
Female
adults can grow 200 times their initial size |
| |
when
engorged. Feeding causes tick
paralysis |
| HOSTS
|
Adults
target medium to large mammals: sheep, |
| |
cattle,
dogs, deer, men, horses |
| |
Nymph
and Larva target small mammals (90% |
| |
insectivores),
rodents, rabbits, birds, reptiles and bats |
| HOST
SEEKING |
Adults
seek host using Haller's
organ |
| |
Immature
stages do not seek host |
| DISEASES
|
Dogs:
Borrelia burgdorferi, B. afzeli, B. garnii |
|
Cattle:
Babesia divergens (redwater), B. bovis, |
| |
B.
ovis, Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease),
|
| |
Staphylococcus
aureus (sheep tick pyremia), |
| |
Ehrlichia
phagocytophila (cattle tick borne fever), |
| |
Coxiella
burnetii (Q fever), Rickettsia conorii |
| |
(Boutonneuse
fever), Anaplasma marginale |
| |
Horses:
Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease), |
| |
Louping
ill, Ehrlichia equi |
| |
Man:
Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease), Louping ill, |
| |
Coxiella burnetii (Q fever),Tick borne encephalitis
|
| SIZE |
Female:
3-3.6 mm
|
| |
Female
engorged: 11 mm |
| |
Male:
2.4-2.8 mm |
| |
Unfed
Nymph: 1.3-1.5 mm |
| REFERENCES |
BAKER
1999, HILLYARD 1996, LATOUR 1997, |
| |
URQUHART
et al 1987 |
Ixodes
canisuga
GENUS
|
Ixodes |
| SPECIES |
canisuga |
LOCATION
|
Europe:
Great Britain, France, Belgium, Holland, |
|
Germany,
Denmark, Switzerland, Italy, Northern Spain, |
|
east
up to the south of Asia |
| HABITAT |
Kennels
and burrows |
| ACTIVITY |
Active
throughout the year (little diapause) |
| LIFE
CYCLE |
Three
host tick |
| MATING
HABIT |
Females
lay about 800 eggs before dying |
| FEEDING
HABIT |
Females
hardly engorge when feedingFeeding is |
|
of
shortduration |
| HOSTS
|
All
stages target medium to large mammals: fox, |
|
badgers, mink, dogs, cats |
| HOST
SEEKING |
Males
are rarely on host |
| DISEASES |
Badgers:
Babesia missiroli |
|
Pasteurella
pestis (plague) in Russia |
| SIZE |
Female:
2.8-3.2 mm |
|
Female
engorged: 8 mm |
|
Male:
2-2.2 mm |
|
Unfed
Nymph: 1.2-1.4 mm |
| REFERENCES |
HILLYARD
1996, URQUHART et al 1987 |
Ixodes
trianguliceps
GENUS
|
Ixodes |
| SPECIES |
trianguliceps |
| LOCATION |
Europe:
Great Britain, Ireland, France, Belgium, |
| |
Holland,
Germany, Denmark, Switzerland, Italy, |
| |
Northern
Spain, Norway, Sweden, |
| |
Poland
and Eastwards up to South of Asia |
| HABITAT |
Humid
coniferous/deciduous forests |
| |
Adult
and Nymph inhabit nests and burrows |
| |
Larva
attaches host from plant leaves |
| ACTIVITY |
Larva:
October-March |
| |
Nymph:
May-June |
| |
Adult
females: March-May |
| LIFE
CYCLE |
Three
host tick |
| MATING
HABIT |
Off
host |
| FEEDING
HABIT |
Males
do not feed |
| HOSTS
|
All
stages target small mammals: bank vole, |
| |
shrews,
mice, rats and voles. |
| |
Adults and Nymph favour mice, larva favour shrews |
| |
They
are also found on hedgehogs, squirrels, fox, |
| |
rabbits, hares and mole |
| |
Accidentally
on man, horses, lizards and small birds |
| HOST
SEEKING |
No |
| DISEASES
|
Babesia
microti (human babesiosis), Coxiella burnetii |
| |
(Q
fever), Tickborne encephalitis (TBE), |
| |
Francisella
tularensis (tularemia), Borrelia burgdorferi |
| |
(France),
Louping ill (Great Britain) |
| SIZE |
Female:
2-2.4 mm
|
| |
Female
engorged: 8 mm |
| |
Male:
1.8-2.2 mm |
| |
Unfed
Nymph: 1.0-1.2 mm |
| REFERENCES |
HILLYARD
1996 |
|
